Types of Movement and Muscle
இயக்க வகைகளும் தசை வகைகளும்
All locomotion is movement, but not all movement is locomotion. And only skeletal muscle is both striated and voluntary — visceral is smooth and involuntary, cardiac is striated but involuntary.
The idea
Movement is a significant feature of living beings. Voluntary movements that result in a change of place or location are called locomotion; walking, running, climbing, flying and swimming are examples. Cells of the human body show three main types of movement — amoeboid, ciliary and muscular. Some specialised cells like macrophages and leucocytes in blood show amoeboid movement, effected by pseudopodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm, with cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments also involved. Ciliary movement occurs in most internal tubular organs lined by ciliated epithelium; coordinated cilia in the trachea remove dust particles and foreign substances inhaled with air, and passage of ova through the female reproductive tract is facilitated by ciliary movement. Movement of limbs, jaws and tongue requires muscular movement. Muscle is a specialised tissue of mesodermal origin. Skeletal muscles are closely associated with skeletal components, are striated and voluntary, and are primarily involved in locomotion and changes of body posture. Visceral muscles are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs like the alimentary canal and reproductive tract; they are smooth (non-striated) and involuntary. Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the heart; they are striated, branched and involuntary, and many cardiac muscle cells assemble in a branching pattern.
Why it matters
Different jobs need different machinery: crawling cells use pseudopodia, mucus-clearing surfaces use cilia, and forceful body movements need muscle.
NEET lens
Remember the NCERT examples: amoeboid — macrophages, leucocytes (pseudopodia, microfilaments); ciliary — trachea, movement of ova in female tract. Muscle types: skeletal = striated + voluntary; visceral = smooth + involuntary; cardiac = striated + branched + involuntary. Muscle is mesodermal in origin.
Clinical significance
Smokers lose ciliary action in the trachea, so dust and microbes are not cleared and infections increase. Amoeboid movement lets white blood cells squeeze out of capillaries to reach infection sites.
Introduction
Living cells move in three main ways — amoeboid, ciliary and muscular. Locomotion is voluntary movement that changes the body's location.
Core concept
Amoeboid: macrophages, leucocytes; pseudopodia from protoplasmic streaming; microfilaments involved. Ciliary: internal tubular organs with ciliated epithelium; trachea (removes dust), female reproductive tract (passage of ova). Muscular: limbs, jaws, tongue; locomotion. Muscles (mesodermal): skeletal — striated, voluntary, attached to bones, locomotion and posture; visceral — smooth, involuntary, walls of alimentary canal, reproductive tract (e.g. transport of food, gametes); cardiac — striated, branched, involuntary, heart.
Go deeper
Properties of muscle: excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. Locomotion needs coordinated activity of muscular, skeletal and neural systems.
From Class 10
Class 9-10 introduced striated, smooth and cardiac muscle. Here you link each one to movement.